Tsarin gilashin da aka kayyade maki waɗanda suka cika wannan buƙatun gine-gine sun shahara musamman a mashigin ƙasa ko wuraren jama'a.Ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan sun ba da damar yin amfani da manne masu ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don haɗa waɗannan manyan ɗigo zuwa na'urorin haɗi ba tare da buƙatar tono ramuka a cikin gilashin ba.
Matsayin ƙasa na yau da kullun yana ƙara yuwuwar tsarin dole ne yayi aiki azaman shinge mai kariya don ginin mazauna, kuma wannan buƙatun ya wuce ko ya wuce buƙatun nauyin nauyin iska.An yi wasu gwaje-gwaje akan tsarin kayyade maki don hakowa, amma ba akan hanyar haɗin gwiwa ba.
Manufar wannan labarin ita ce yin rikodin gwajin siminti ta amfani da bututu mai girgiza tare da cajin fashewa don kwaikwayi fashewar fashe don kwatanta tasirin abin fashewa akan abin da aka haɗa a fili.Waɗannan masu canji sun haɗa da nauyin fashewar da aka ayyana ta ASTM F2912 [1], wanda ake aiwatarwa akan faranti na bakin ciki tare da sandwich ionomer SGP.Wannan bincike shine karo na farko da zai iya ƙididdige yuwuwar abubuwan fashewa don gwaji mai girma da ƙirar gine-gine.Haɗa kayan aikin TSSA guda huɗu tare da diamita na 60 mm (2.36 inci) zuwa farantin gilashi mai auna 1524 x 1524 mm (inci 60 x 60 inci).
Abubuwan da aka ɗora zuwa 48.3 kPa (7 psi) ko ƙananan ba su lalata ko tasiri TSSA da gilashin ba.An ɗora abubuwa biyar a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba sama da 62 kPa (9 psi), kuma huɗu daga cikin abubuwan biyar sun nuna fashewar gilashin, wanda ya sa gilashin ya motsa daga buɗewa.A duk lokuta, TSSA ya kasance a haɗe zuwa kayan aikin ƙarfe, kuma ba a sami matsala ba, mannewa ko haɗin kai.Gwaji ya nuna cewa, daidai da bukatun AAMA 510-14, ƙirar TSSA da aka gwada na iya samar da ingantaccen tsarin tsaro a ƙarƙashin nauyin 48.3 kPa (7 psi) ko ƙananan.Ana iya amfani da bayanan da aka samar anan don injiniyan tsarin TSSA don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun kaya.
Jon Kimberlain (Jon Kimberlain) ƙwararren masani ne na aikace-aikace na Dow Corning's high-performance silicones.Lawrence D. Carbary (Lawrence D. Carbary) Dow Corning ƙwararren masanin masana'antar gine-gine ne wanda ke Dow Corning silicone da mai bincike na ASTM.
An yi amfani da haɗe-haɗen siliki na ginshiƙan gilashi kusan shekaru 50 don haɓaka ƙayatarwa da ayyukan gine-gine na zamani [2] [3] [4] [5].Hanyar gyaran gyare-gyare na iya sa bangon bangon ci gaba mai santsi tare da nuna gaskiya.Sha'awar ƙara bayyana gaskiya a cikin gine-gine ya haifar da haɓakawa da amfani da bangon ragar igiya da bangon waje mai goyan bayan kulle.Gine-gine masu ƙalubalen ƙalubalen gine-gine za su haɗa da fasahar zamani na yau kuma dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin ginin gida da aminci da ƙa'idodi.
An yi nazarin mannen siliki na zahiri (TSSA), kuma an ba da shawarar hanyar tallafawa gilashin tare da gyara sassa maimakon ramukan hakowa [6] [7].Fasahar manne mai haske tare da ƙarfi, mannewa da ɗorewa yana da jerin abubuwan kaddarorin jiki waɗanda ke ba da damar masu zanen bangon labule don tsara tsarin haɗin gwiwa a hanya ta musamman da sabon salo.
Na'urorin haɗi na zagaye, rectangular da triangular waɗanda suka dace da kayan ado da aikin tsari suna da sauƙin ƙira.An warke TSSA tare da lamintaccen gilashin da ake sarrafa a cikin autoclave.Bayan cire kayan daga sake zagayowar autoclave, ana iya kammala gwajin tabbatarwa 100%.Wannan fa'idar tabbatar da ingancin ta keɓanta ga TSSA saboda yana iya ba da amsa nan da nan game da amincin tsarin taron.
An yi nazarin juriya na tasiri [8] da tasirin shayarwa na kayan siliki na yau da kullun [9].Wolf et al.an bayar da bayanan da Jami'ar Stuttgart ta samar.Waɗannan bayanan sun nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da ƙimar ƙima-tsaye da aka ƙayyade a cikin ASTM C1135, ƙarfin juzu'i na kayan siliki na tsarin yana kan ƙimar ƙimar 5m/s (197in/s).Ƙarfi da haɓaka haɓaka.Yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin iri da kaddarorin jiki.
Tun da TSSA abu ne mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da mafi girman modulus da ƙarfi fiye da siliki na tsarin, ana tsammanin zai bi aikin gabaɗaya iri ɗaya.Ko da yake ba a yi gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙimar ƙima ba, ana iya sa ran cewa babban adadin fashewar ba zai shafi ƙarfin ba.
An gwada gilashin da aka kulle, ya cika ka'idodin rage fashewar [11], kuma an baje shi a Ranar Ayyukan Gilashin 2013.Sakamakon gani a sarari yana nuna fa'idodin gyaran gilashin da injina bayan an karye gilashin.Don tsarin da ke da manne mai tsabta, wannan zai zama ƙalubale.
An yi firam ɗin ne daga tashar tashar karfe ta Amurka mai girma tare da girman zurfin 151mm x 48.8 mm nisa x 5.08mm kauri na yanar gizo (6 "x 1.92" x 0.20"), yawanci ana kiransa C 6" x 8.2 # Ramin.Tashoshin C suna welded tare a sasanninta, kuma wani yanki mai kauri mai kauri 9 mm (0.375 inch) yana waldashi a sasanninta, an saita baya daga saman firam.An hako rami mai tsawon 18mm (0.71 ″) a cikin farantin ta yadda za a iya shigar da kullin mai diamita na 14mm (0.55 ″) cikin sauki a ciki.
Kayan ƙarfe na TSSA tare da diamita na 60 mm (2.36 inci) suna 50 mm (inci 2) daga kowane kusurwa.Aiwatar da abubuwa huɗu zuwa kowane yanki na gilashi don yin komai daidai.Halin na musamman na TSSA shine cewa ana iya sanya shi kusa da gefen gilashin.Na'urorin hakowa don gyaran injina a cikin gilashi suna da ƙayyadaddun ma'auni waɗanda ke farawa daga gefen, waɗanda dole ne a haɗa su cikin ƙira kuma dole ne a haƙa su kafin zafin rai.
Girman da ke kusa da gefen yana inganta gaskiyar tsarin da aka gama, kuma a lokaci guda yana rage mannewar haɗin gwiwar tauraro saboda ƙananan juzu'i a kan haɗin gwiwar tauraro na yau da kullun.Gilashin da aka zaɓa don wannan aikin shine 6mm guda biyu (1/4 ″) madaidaiciyar 1524mm x 1524mm (5'x 5′) yadudduka laminated tare da Sentry Glass Plus (SGP) ionomer matsakaici fim 1.52mm (0.060) “).
Ana amfani da faifan TSSA mai kauri 1 mm (0.040 inch) zuwa 60 mm (2.36 inch) diamita na bakin karfe mai dacewa.An ƙera firam ɗin don haɓaka ƙarfin mannewa zuwa bakin karfe kuma shine cakuda silane da titanate a cikin sauran ƙarfi.Ana danna diski na ƙarfe akan gilashin tare da auna ƙarfin 0.7 MPa (100 psi) na minti ɗaya don samar da jika da tuntuɓar.Sanya abubuwan da aka gyara a cikin autoclave wanda ya kai 11.9 Bar (175 psi) da 133 C° (272°F) domin TSSA ta iya isa lokacin jiƙa na mintuna 30 da ake buƙata don warkewa da haɗin kai a cikin autoclave.
Bayan an gama autoclave kuma an sanyaya, duba kowane TSSA dacewa sannan kuma matsa shi zuwa 55Nm (fam ɗin ƙafa 40.6) don nuna daidaitaccen nauyin 1.3 MPa (190 psi).Na'urorin haɗi don TSSA Sadev ne ya samar da su kuma an gano su azaman kayan haɗin R1006 TSSA.
Haɗa babban jikin kayan haɗi zuwa diski mai warkarwa akan gilashin kuma rage shi cikin firam ɗin ƙarfe.Daidaita kuma gyara kwayoyi a kan kusoshi don gilashin waje ya kasance tare da waje na firam ɗin karfe.An rufe haɗin haɗin 13mm x 13mm (1/2 ″ x½”) wanda ke kewaye da kewayen gilashin tare da tsarin sassa biyu na silicone domin gwajin lodin matsa lamba zai iya farawa gobe.
An gudanar da gwajin ne ta hanyar amfani da bututu mai girgiza a dakin binciken abubuwan fashewa da ke Jami'ar Kentucky.Bututu mai ɗaukar girgiza ya ƙunshi ƙarfin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, wanda zai iya shigar da raka'a har zuwa 3.7mx 3.7m akan fuska.
Ana motsa bututun tasirin ta hanyar sanya abubuwan fashewa tare da tsayin bututun fashewar don yin kwatankwacin ingantattun matakan fashewar fashewar [12] [13].Saka duka gilashin da taron firam ɗin ƙarfe a cikin bututu mai ɗaukar girgiza don gwaji, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 4.
Ana shigar da firikwensin matsa lamba huɗu a cikin bututun girgiza, don haka za'a iya auna matsa lamba da bugun jini daidai.An yi amfani da kyamarori biyu na dijital da kyamarar SLR na dijital don yin rikodin gwajin.
Kyamara mai sauri ta MREL Ranger HR wacce ke kusa da taga a wajen bututun girgiza ta dauki gwajin a firam 500 a sakan daya.Saita rikodin Laser mai jujjuya kHz 20 kusa da taga don auna jujjuyawar a tsakiyar taga.
An gwada sassan tsarin guda huɗu sau tara gabaɗaya.Idan gilashin bai bar budewa ba, gwada sashi a ƙarƙashin matsi mafi girma da tasiri.A kowane yanayi, ana yin rikodin matsi na manufa da ƙwace da nakasar gilashi.Sannan, kowane gwaji kuma ana ƙididdige shi bisa ga AAMA 510-14 [Ka'idodin Sa-kai na Tsarin Biki don Rage Hazarin Fashewa].
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, an gwada taruka huɗu na firam har sai an cire gilashin daga buɗe tashar fashewar.Makasudin gwajin farko shine isa 69 kPa a bugun jini na 614 kPa-ms (10 psi A 89 psi-msec).A ƙarƙashin nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi, taga gilashin ya rushe kuma an sake shi daga firam.Sadev maki kayan aiki suna sa TSSA manne da fashe gilashin.Lokacin da gilashin mai tauri ya farfashe, gilashin ya bar buɗewar bayan jujjuyawar kusan 100 mm (inci 4).
A ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓaka ci gaba da kaya, an gwada firam 2 sau 3.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa gazawar bai faru ba har sai matsa lamba ya kai 69 kPa (10 psi).Matsakaicin ma'auni na 44.3 kPa (6.42 psi) da 45.4 kPa (6.59 psi) ba zai shafi mutuncin ɓangaren ba.A ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'auni na 62 kPa (9 psi), karkatar da gilashin ya haifar da karyewa, yana barin gilashin gilashi a cikin budewa.Dukkan na'urorin haɗi na TSSA suna haɗe tare da fashe-fashe na gilashin zafi, iri ɗaya kamar a cikin hoto 7.
A ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓaka ci gaba da kaya, an gwada firam 3 sau biyu.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa gazawar bai faru ba har sai matsa lamba ya kai ga 69 kPa (10 psi).Matsakaicin ma'auni na 48.4 kPa (7.03) psi ba zai shafi mutuncin ɓangaren ba.Tarin bayanai ya kasa ba da izinin jujjuyawar, amma kallon gani daga bidiyon ya nuna cewa jujjuyawar gwajin firam 2 3 da firam 4 gwajin 7 sun yi kama da juna.A ƙarƙashin ma'aunin ma'auni na 64 kPa (9.28 psi), ƙaddamar da gilashin da aka auna a 190.5 mm (7.5 ") ya haifar da raguwa, barin gilashin gilashi a cikin budewa.Duk kayan haɗin TSSA suna haɗe tare da gilashin da aka karye, daidai da Hoto 7.
Tare da haɓaka ci gaba da kaya, an gwada firam 4 sau 3.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa gazawar bai faru ba har sai da matsa lamba ya kai 10 psi a karo na biyu.Matsakaicin ma'auni na 46.8 kPa (6.79) da 64.9 kPa (9.42 psi) ba zai shafi mutuncin ɓangaren ba.A gwaji #8, an auna gilashin don lanƙwasa 100 mm (inci 4).Ana sa ran cewa wannan kaya zai sa gilashin ya karye, amma ana iya samun wasu bayanan bayanai.
A cikin gwaji #9, matsa lamba na 65.9 kPa (9.56 psi) ya karkatar da gilashin ta 190.5 mm (7.5 ″) kuma ya haifar da karyewa, yana barin taga gilashin a buɗe.Duk kayan haɗi na TSSA suna haɗe tare da gilashin da aka karye iri ɗaya kamar a cikin Hoto 7 A cikin kowane yanayi, ana iya cire kayan haɗin kai cikin sauƙi daga firam ɗin ƙarfe ba tare da wata lalacewa ta zahiri ba.
TSSA ga kowane gwaji ya kasance baya canzawa.Bayan gwajin, lokacin da gilashin ya kasance cikakke, babu wani canji na gani a TSSA.Bidiyon mai sauri ya nuna gilashin ya karye a tsakiyar tsakar rana sannan ya bar budewa.
Daga kwatanta gazawar gilashi kuma babu gazawa a cikin Hoto na 8 da Hoto 9, yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa yanayin fashewar gilashin yana faruwa nesa da wurin da aka makala, wanda ke nuna cewa ɓangaren gilashin da ba a haɗa shi ba ya kai matakin lanƙwasawa, wanda ke nuna cewa ba a haɗa shi ba. yana gabatowa da sauri Maƙallan gilashin da ke da ƙarfi ya danganta da ɓangaren da ya rage a ɗaure.
Wannan yana nuna cewa yayin gwajin, fashewar faranti a cikin waɗannan sassa na iya motsawa ƙarƙashin ƙarfi.Haɗa wannan ka'ida da kuma lura cewa yanayin gazawar yana da alama ya zama ƙaddamar da kauri na gilashin a madaidaicin mannewa, yayin da nauyin da aka tsara ya karu, ya kamata a inganta aikin ta hanyar ƙara girman gilashin ko sarrafa karkatarwa ta wasu hanyoyi.
Gwajin 8 na Frame 4 abin mamaki ne mai daɗi a wurin gwajin.Ko da yake gilashin bai lalace ba don a sake gwada firam ɗin, TSSA da kewayen shingen rufewa na iya kula da wannan babban kaya.Tsarin TSSA yana amfani da haɗe-haɗe na 60mm guda huɗu don tallafawa gilashin.Abubuwan da aka tsara na iska suna rayuwa da nauyin dindindin, duka a 2.5 kPa (50 psf).Wannan madaidaicin ƙira ne, tare da ingantaccen tsarin gine-gine, yana nuna kaya masu yawa, kuma TSSA ta ci gaba da kasancewa.
An gudanar da wannan binciken don sanin ko mannewar tsarin gilashin yana da wasu hatsarori ko lahani dangane da ƙananan buƙatun buƙatun don aikin yashi.Babu shakka, an shigar da tsarin kayan haɗi mai sauƙi na 60mm TSSA kusa da gefen gilashin kuma yana da aikin har sai gilashin ya karya.Lokacin da aka tsara gilashin don tsayayya da raguwa, TSSA shine hanyar haɗin kai mai dacewa wanda zai iya samar da wani nau'i na kariya yayin kiyaye abubuwan da ake bukata na ginin don nuna gaskiya da budewa.
Dangane da ma'aunin ASTM F2912-17, kayan aikin taga da aka gwada sun kai matakin haɗarin H1 akan ma'aunin C1.Na'urar Sadev R1006 da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin binciken ba ta da tasiri.
Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken shine "hanyar rauni" a cikin tsarin.Da zarar gilashin ya karye, TSSA da shingen rufewa da ke kewaye ba za su iya riƙe babban adadin gilashin ba, saboda ƙananan ɓangarorin gilashin sun kasance a kan kayan silicone.
Daga zane-zane da ra'ayi na aiki, an tabbatar da tsarin mannewa na TSSA don samar da babban matakin kariya a cikin abubuwan facade na facade a matakin farko na abubuwan fashewar abubuwan fashewa, wanda masana'antu suka yarda da su sosai.Facade ɗin da aka gwada ya nuna cewa lokacin da haɗarin fashewa ya kasance tsakanin 41.4 kPa (6 psi) da 69 kPa (10 psi), wasan kwaikwayon akan matakin haɗarin ya bambanta sosai.
Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa bambamcin rarrabuwar haɗari ba shi da alaƙa ga gazawar mannewa kamar yadda aka nuna ta yanayin gazawar haɗin gwiwa na mannewa da gutsuttsura gilashin tsakanin iyakokin haɗari.Dangane da abubuwan da aka lura, an daidaita girman gilashin da kyau don rage jujjuyawa don hana ɓarna saboda haɓakar amsawar juzu'i a mahaɗar lankwasa da abin da aka makala, wanda alama shine babban mahimmancin aiki.
Zane-zane na gaba na iya iya rage matakin haɗari a ƙarƙashin manyan lodi ta hanyar ƙara girman gilashin, gyara matsayi na batu dangane da gefen, da kuma ƙara diamita na lamba na m.
[1] ASTM F2912-17 Standard Glass Fiber Specification, Gilashi da Tsarin Gilashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa, ASTM International, West Conshawken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F2912-17 [2] Hilliard, JR, Paris, CJ da Peterson, CO, Jr., "Tsarin Gilashin Gilashin Gilashin, Fasahar Gilashin Gilashin Gilashin", ASTM STP 638, ASTM International, West Conshooken, Pennsylvania, 1977, p.shafi na 67-99.[3] Zarghamee, MS, TA, Schwartz, da Gladstone, M., "Ayyukan Seismic na Gilashin Silica Tsarin", Gilashin Ginin, Sealant, Gilashi da Fasahar Ruwa, Volume 1. 6. ASTM STP 1286, JC Myers, edita, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1996, shafi 46-59.[4] Carbary, LD, "Bita na Dorewa da Ayyuka na Silicon Structural Glass Window Systems", Ranar Yin Gilashin Gilashin, Tampere Finland, Yuni 2007, Tattaunawar Taro, shafuka 190-193.[5] Schmidt, CM, Schoenherr, WJ, Carbary LD, da Takish, MS, "Ayyukan Silicone Structural Adhesives", Kimiyyar Tsarin Gilashi da Fasaha, ASTM STP1054, Jami'ar CJ na Paris, Ƙungiyar Amirka don Gwaji da Kayayyaki, Philadelphia, Shekaru 1989, shafi na 22-45 [6] Wolf, AT, Sitte, S., Brasseur, M., J. da Carbary L. D, "Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive for Fixing Glazing Dispensing (TSSA) Ƙimar farko na inji Kaddarorin da dorewar karfe”, Taro na Hudu na Tsare-tsare na Duniya na “Construction Sealants and Adhesives”, ASTM International Magazine, wanda aka buga akan layi, Agusta 2011, juzu'i na 8, fitowar 10 (11 ga Nuwamba 2011 Watan), JAI 104084, samuwa daga gidan yanar gizon mai zuwa : www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI104084.htm.[7] Clift, C., Hutley, P., Carbary, LD, Silicone m tsarin m, Glass Performance Day, Tampere, Finland, Yuni 2011, Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron, shafuffuka na 650-653.[8] Clift, C., Carbary, LD, Hutley, P., Kimberlain, J., "New Generation Structural Silica Glass" Facade Design and Engineering Journal 2 (2014) 137-161, DOI 10.3233 / FDE-150020 [9] ] Kenneth Yarosh, Andreas T. Wolf, da Sigurd Sitte "Kima na Silicone Rubber Sealants a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Windows da Labule na Bulletproof a Babban Matsalolin Motsawa", ASTM International Magazine, fitowar 1. 6. Takarda No. 2, ID JAI101953 [ 10] ASTM C1135-15, Hanyar Gwajin Daidaitawa don Ƙayyade Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2015, https: / / doi.org/10.1520/C1135-15 [11] Morgan, T. , "Ci gaba a cikin Gilashin Gilashin Gilashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa", Ranar Ayyukan Gilashin, Yuni 2103, Minti na taro, shafi 181-182 [12] ASTM F1642 / F1642M-17 Tsarin gwaji na yau da kullum don gilashin da tsarin gilashin da aka yi wa manyan iska. , ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F1642_F1642M-17 [13] Bikin aure, William Chad da Braden T.Lusk."Hanyar labari don tantance martanin tsarin gilashin hana fashewa zuwa abubuwan fashewa."Metric 45.6 (2012): 1471-1479.[14] "Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai don Rage Hadarin Fashewar Tsarukan Tagar Tsaye" AAMA 510-14.